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P-660H/HW/W-T Series User’ Guide
Chapter 10 Firewalls 122
Figure 47 Three-Way Handshake
Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a SYN
(synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK
(acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK
(acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established.
• SYN Attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes
the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for
the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses
on what is known as a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an
ACK comes back or when an internal timer (which is set at relatively long intervals)
terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all
incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.
Figure 48 SYN Flood
•In a LAND Attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source
IP address of the targeted system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the
packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond
to itself.
7 A brute-force attack, such as a "Smurf" attack, targets a feature in the IP specification
known as directed or subnet broadcasting, to quickly flood the target network with
useless data. A Smurf hacker floods a router with Internet Control Message Protocol
- P-660H/HW/W-T Series 1
- Copyright 2
- Federal Communications 3
- Commission (FCC) Interference 3
- Statement 3
- Certifications 4
- Safety Warnings 5
- ZyXEL Limited Warranty 6
- Customer Support 7
- Customer Support 8 8
- 9 Customer Support 9
- Table of Contents 10
- Chapter 6 12
- Chapter 7 12
- Appendix M 23
- List of Figures 24
- 31 List of Figures 31
- List of Tables 32
- 37 List of Tables 37
- About This User's Guide 38
- Syntax Conventions 38
- Related Documentation 38
- User Guide Feedback 39
- Graphics Icons Key 39
- Introduction to DSL 40
- 41 Introduction to DSL 41
- CHAPTER 1 42
- 1.4 Front Panel LEDs 46
- 1.5 Hardware Connection 47
- CHAPTER 2 48
- 2.1.2 Resetting the Prestige 49
- 2.2 Change Login Password 52
- Table 4 Password 53
- CHAPTER 3 54
- CHAPTER 4 62
- 4.1.2 DHCP Setup 63
- 4.1.3 DNS Server Address 63
- 4.2 LAN TCP/IP 64
- 4.2.2 RIP Setup 65
- 4.2.3 Multicast 66
- 4.2.4 Any IP 66
- 4.2.4.1 How Any IP Works 67
- 4.3 Configuring LAN 68
- 69 Chapter 4 LAN Setup 69
- CHAPTER 5 70
- 5.2.3 Restricted Access 71
- 5.2.4 Hide Prestige Identity 71
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 72 72
- Figure 18 Wireless LAN 72
- Table 12 Wireless LAN 72
- 5.4.1 WEP Encryption 73
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 74 74
- Figure 20 Wireless Screen 74
- Table 13 Wireless LAN 74
- 75 Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 75
- This would lock you out 76
- 5.6 Introduction to WPA 77
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 78 78
- 79 Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 79
- Control field 80
- 81 Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 81
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 82 82
- 83 Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 83
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 84 84
- The screen appears as shown 85
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 86 86
- 5.9 Configuring RADIUS 87
- Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 88 88
- Table 20 RADIUS (continued) 88
- 89 Chapter 5 Wireless LAN 89
- CHAPTER 6 90
- 6.1.2 Multiplexing 91
- 6.1.3 VPI and VCI 91
- 6.1.4 IP Address Assignment 91
- 6.2 Metric 92
- 6.3 PPPoE Encapsulation 93
- 6.4 Traffic Shaping 93
- Chapter 6 WAN Setup 94 94
- 6.6 The Main WAN Screen 95
- 6.7 Configuring WAN Setup 95
- Chapter 6 WAN Setup 96 96
- Figure 33 WAN Setup (PPPoE) 96
- Table 22 WAN Setup 96
- 97 Chapter 6 WAN Setup 97
- 6.8 Traffic Redirect 98
- 6.9 Configuring WAN Backup 99
- Chapter 6 WAN Setup 100 100
- Figure 36 WAN Backup 100
- Table 23 WAN Backup 100
- Check WAN IP Address 101
- CHAPTER 7 102
- 7.1.2 What NAT Does 103
- 7.1.3 How NAT Works 103
- 7.1.4 NAT Application 104
- 7.1.5 NAT Mapping Types 105
- 7.3 SUA Server 106
- 7.4 Selecting the NAT Mode 107
- Figure 40 NAT Mode 108
- Table 27 NAT Mode 108
- LABEL DESCRIPTION 113
- CHAPTER 8 114
- Figure 44 Dynamic DNS 115
- Table 31 Dynamic DNS 115
- CHAPTER 9 116
- 117 Chapter 9 Time and Date 117
- Table 32 Time and Date 117
- CHAPTER 10 118
- 119 Chapter 10 Firewalls 119
- 10.4 Denial of Service 120
- 10.4.2 Types of DoS Attacks 121
- Chapter 10 Firewalls 122 122
- Figure 48 SYN Flood 122
- 10.4.2.1 ICMP Vulnerability 123
- 10.5 Stateful Inspection 124
- 125 Chapter 10 Firewalls 125
- 10.5.3 TCP Security 126
- 10.5.4 UDP/ICMP Security 127
- 10.5.5 Upper Layer Protocols 127
- 10.6.1 Security In General 128
- 10.7.1 Packet Filtering: 129
- 10.7.2 Firewall 129
- Chapter 10 Firewalls 130 130
- 131 Chapter 10 Firewalls 131
- CHAPTER 11 132
- 11.3 Rule Logic Overview 133
- 11.4 Connection Direction 134
- 11.4.2 Alerts 135
- 11.6 Rule Summary 136
- Table 38 Rule Summary 137
- Address 140
- 11.7 Customized Services 141
- 11.9 Example Firewall Rule 142
- 11.10 Predefined Services 146
- 11.11 Anti-Probing 148
- 11.12 DoS Thresholds 149
- 11.12.1 Threshold Values 150
- 11.12.2 Half-Open Sessions 150
- CHAPTER 12 154
- CHAPTER 13 158
- 13.2 Telnet 159
- 13.3 FTP 160
- 13.4 Web 160
- CHAPTER 14 162
- 14.2 UPnP and ZyXEL 163
- Table 50 Configuring UPnP 164
- Components selection box 165
- Figure 79 System Tray Icon 172
- Network 173
- CHAPTER 15 176
- 177 Chapter 15 Logs Screens 177
- Figure 84 Log Settings 177
- Table 51 Log Settings 177
- 15.3 Displaying the Logs 178
- 15.4 SMTP Error Messages 179
- 15.4.1 Example E-mail Log 180
- 181 Chapter 15 Logs Screens 181
- CHAPTER 16 182
- 16.5 Scheduler 185
- 16.7 Bandwidth Borrowing 187
- 16.9 Configuring Summary 188
- 16.11 Bandwidth Monitor 194
- CHAPTER 17 196
- 197 Chapter 17 Maintenance 197
- Figure 98 System Status 197
- Table 62 System Status 197
- 17.2.1 System Statistics 198
- 199 Chapter 17 Maintenance 199
- 17.3 DHCP Table Screen 200
- 17.4 Any IP Table Screen 201
- 17.5 Wireless Screen 201
- 17.6 Diagnostic Screens 202
- 203 Chapter 17 Maintenance 203
- 17.7 Firmware Upgrade 205
- Chapter 17 Maintenance 206 206
- Figure 107 Error Message 206
- 207 Chapter 17 Maintenance 207
- CHAPTER 18 208
- Figure 108 Login Screen 209
- Prestige 210
- ? > or 211
- 1234", and 212
- Table 73 Main Menu Summary 212
- *” for each character 213
- CHAPTER 19 214
- CHAPTER 20 218
- Press ENTER to Confirm 220
- CHAPTER 21 222
- CHAPTER 22 226
- MAC address table 227
- CHAPTER 23 230
- 23.4 IP Alias Setup 231
- 23.5 Route IP Setup 232
- Menu 4 Internet Access Setup 234
- CHAPTER 24 236
- 24.4 Remote Node Filter 242
- 24.5.3 Advance Setup Options 244
- CHAPTER 25 246
- CHAPTER 26 250
- 251 Chapter 26 Bridging Setup 251
- 253 Chapter 26 Bridging Setup 253
- CHAPTER 27 254
- 27.3 NAT Setup 256
- Menu 15.1.255 is read-only 257
- 27.3.1.3 Ordering Your Rules 259
- 27.5 General NAT Examples 261
- Figure 151 NAT Example 1 262
- Figure 153 NAT Example 2 263
- Figure 155 NAT Example 3 264
- Figure 160 NAT Example 4 267
- CHAPTER 28 270
- CHAPTER 29 272
- Len Length 276
- 29.4.1 TCP/IP Filter Rule 277
- 29.4.2 Generic Filter Rule 279
- Length= 0 280
- 29.5 Filter Types and NAT 281
- 29.6 Example Filter 281
- Table 98 Filter Sets Table 283
- 29.7.1 Ethernet Traffic 284
- 29.7.2 Remote Node Filters 284
- CHAPTER 30 286
- 30.2 Supported MIBs 287
- 30.3 SNMP Configuration 287
- 30.4 SNMP Traps 288
- CHAPTER 31 290
- 31.1.3 IEEE 802.1x 292
- CHAPTER 32 296
- 32.3 System Information 298
- 32.3.2 Console Port Speed 299
- 32.4 Log and Trace 300
- 32.4.2 Syslog and Accounting 301
- Figure 195 Syslog Example 302
- 32.5 Diagnostic 303
- CHAPTER 33 306
- 33.2 Backup Configuration 307
- 33.2.4 GUI-based FTP Clients 309
- 33.2.7 TFTP Command Example 310
- 33.3 Restore Configuration 311
- 33.4.1 Firmware File Upload 313
- 33.4.5 TFTP File Upload 315
- CHAPTER 34 318
- 34.2 Call Control Support 319
- 34.3 Time and Date Setting 320
- 34.3.1 Resetting the Time 322
- CHAPTER 35 324
- 35.4 System Timeout 326
- CHAPTER 36 328
- 36.4 IP Routing Policy Setup 329
- 36.5 Applying an IP Policy 332
- IP=0.0.0.0 335
- CHAPTER 37 338
- CHAPTER 38 342
- 38.3 Problems with the WAN 343
- Figure 223 Pop-up Blocker 345
- Figure 225 Internet Options 346
- 38.4.1.2 JavaScripts 347
- 3 Scroll down to Scripting 348
- 38.4.1.3 Java Permissions 349
- 38.4.1.3.1 JAVA (Sun) 350
- Figure 230 Java (Sun) 351
- 6 Then click the OK button 352
- Appendix A 354
- Product Specifications 354
- 355 Appendix A 355
- Table 123 Firmware 355
- Appendix A 356 356
- 357 Appendix A 357
- APPENDIX B 358
- 359 Appendix B 359
- Appendix C 360
- Installing Components 361
- Configuring 362
- Windows 2000/NT/XP 363
- Appendix C 364 364
- 365 Appendix C 365
- Appendix C 366 366
- 367 Appendix C 367
- Macintosh OS 8/9 368
- 369 Appendix C 369
- Macintosh OS X 370
- Verifying Settings 371
- Appendix C 372 372
- Using Configuration Files 373
- Appendix D 376
- IP Subnetting 376
- Subnet Masks 377
- Subnetting 377
- Example: Two Subnets 378
- 379 Appendix D 379
- Table 129 Subnet 1 379
- Table 130 Subnet 2 379
- Example: Four Subnets 380
- Example Eight Subnets 381
- Appendix D 382 382
- 383 Appendix D 383
- Appendix E 384
- Boot Commands 384
- 385 Appendix E 385
- Appendix F 386
- Command Interpreter 386
- 387 Appendix F 387
- Appendix G 388
- Firewall Commands 388
- 389 Appendix G 389
- Appendix G 390 390
- 391 Appendix G 391
- Appendix G 392 392
- 393 Appendix G 393
- Appendix H 394
- NetBIOS Filter Commands 394
- NetBIOS Filter Configuration 395
- Appendix H 396 396
- 397 Appendix H 397
- Appendix I 398
- Splitters and Microfilters 398
- Prestige With ISDN 399
- Appendix I 400 400
- 401 Appendix I 401
- Appendix J 402
- How PPPoE Works 403
- Prestige as a PPPoE Client 403
- Appendix K 404
- Log Descriptions 404
- 405 Appendix K 405
- Table 141 System Error Logs 405
- Appendix K 406 406
- Table 143 TCP Reset Logs 406
- 407 Appendix K 407
- Table 145 ICMP Logs 407
- Table 146 CDR Logs 407
- Table 147 PPP Logs 407
- Appendix K 408 408
- Table 148 UPnP Logs 408
- 409 Appendix K 409
- Table 150 Attack Logs 409
- Appendix K 410 410
- Table 151 IPSec Logs 410
- Table 152 IKE Logs 410
- 411 Appendix K 411
- Appendix K 412 412
- 413 Appendix K 413
- Table 153 PKI Logs 413
- Appendix K 414 414
- 415 Appendix K 415
- Table 155 802.1X Logs 415
- Appendix K 416 416
- Table 156 ACL Setting Notes 416
- Table 157 ICMP Notes 416
- 417 Appendix K 417
- Table 158 Syslog Logs 417
- Log Commands 418
- Log Command Example 419
- Appendix L 420
- Wireless LANs 420
- 421 Appendix L 421
- Appendix L 422 422
- Fragmentation Threshold 423
- Preamble Type 424
- IEEE 802.1x 425
- Types of Authentication 426
- PEAP (Protected EAP) 427
- Dynamic WEP Key Exchange 427
- User Authentication 428
- Encryption 428
- Security Parameters Summary 429
- APPENDIX M 430
- 433 Appendix M 433
- Appendix M 434 434
- 435 Appendix M 435
- Appendix M 436 436
- 437 Appendix M 437
- Appendix M 438 438
- 439 Appendix M 439
- Appendix M 440 440
- 441 Appendix M 441
- Appendix M 442 442
- 443 Appendix M 443
- Appendix M 444 444
- 445 Appendix M 445
- Appendix M 446 446
- 447 Appendix M 447
- Appendix M 448 448
- 449 Appendix M 449
- Appendix M 450 450
- 451 Appendix M 451
- Appendix M 452 452
- Command Examples 453
- Appendix M 454 454
- 455 Appendix M 455
- Numerics 456
- 457 Index 457
- Index 458 458
- 459 Index 459
- Index 460 460
- 461 Index 461
- Index 462 462
- 463 Index 463
- Index 464 464
- 465 Index 465
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